Tshepo Golele stands at his yard tap in Hammanskraal, South Africa—barely 30 miles from government buildings in Pretoria—turning the handle that produces nothing. “Water has been a big problem. You can see that tap in my yard, there is no water coming out,” he explains, holding a bucket he fills from a community tank. In 2023, his township buried more than 30 neighbors who died from cholera after contaminated water spread through the community. The outbreak occurred not in a remote village hours from medical care but in a township visible from the capital city—a stark reminder that diseases caused by dirty water in Africa don’t respect geography, wealth, or proximity to power.

Nigeria faces an even more devastating waterborne diseases crisis. More than 151,700 children under five die annually from diarrhea linked to contaminated water—making Nigeria the second-largest contributor globally to under-five mortality from this entirely preventable illness. Research reveals that 88% of Nigeria’s disease burden stems from absent, inadequate, or inappropriately managed water and sanitation. When we examine health problems from contaminated water, the evidence demands urgent recognition: dirty water doesn’t just cause discomfort—it systematically kills, maims, and economically devastates communities across one of Africa’s most populous nations.

The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control documented a catastrophic 220% increase in suspected cholera cases in 2024, with over 4,809 cases and 156 deaths across 35 states. This isn’t ancient history or distant tragedy—it’s happening now, affecting real families, destroying childhoods, and perpetuating poverty cycles that clean water could break. Understanding the specific water-related diseases plaguing Nigerian communities, their devastating health impacts, and the economic costs of inaction reveals why water health Africa must become a continental and global priority that receives resources matching the crisis’s urgency.

Understanding Waterborne Diseases: How Contaminated Water Makes Communities Sick

The Pathways of Contamination and Transmission

Waterborne diseases encompass illnesses transmitted through contaminated water consumption, contact, or use in food preparation and hygiene. The contamination occurs through physical, chemical, biological, or radiological substances entering water supplies that communities depend on for survival. In Nigeria, more than 66 million people lack adequate access to drinking water from improved sources like piped water or protected wells, forcing households to use highly polluted or contaminated alternatives that expose them to multiple pathogens simultaneously.

The biological transmission mechanisms operate with brutal efficiency. Pathogens present in human or animal fecal matter enter water through open defecation (practiced by 47 million Nigerians), inadequate sanitation, agricultural runoff, and industrial pollution. When individuals consume this contaminated water, cook with it, wash eating utensils in it, or use it for bathing, the pathogens enter bodies through ingestion or skin contact. The cycle completes when infected individuals without access to proper toilets contaminate additional water sources, perpetuating transmission that can spread exponentially through communities.

The diseases linked to contaminated water consumption include cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid fever, hepatitis A, and polio. Additional waterborne illness Nigeria faces includes scabies, ringworm, and parasitic infections like schistosomiasis and dracunculiasis. Research across Ondo State revealed that waterborne diseases include not just obvious ones like diarrhea and cholera but also malaria (linked to standing water breeding mosquitoes), onchocerciasis (river blindness), and multiple parasitic infections that compound to create enormous disease burdens affecting entire populations simultaneously.

The Vulnerable Populations: Who Suffers Most

Child mortality from waterborne diseases concentrates overwhelmingly in the youngest and most vulnerable. UNICEF confirms that over 100,000 Nigerian children under five die yearly from water-related diseases, with 90% directly attributed to unsafe water and sanitation. Diarrheal disease affects children under two most severely, and proves particularly life-threatening for malnourished children or those with compromised immunity. The incidence peaks in the first two years of life when children have lost maternal antibodies, are crawling and ingesting contaminated objects, and face cumulative nutritional deprivation from repeated illness episodes.

The geographic vulnerability patterns reveal disturbing inequities. Southern Ondo State, with less than 42% water access and below 30% improved sanitation, experiences over 320% higher waterborne diseases prevalence than better-served regions. Nigeria’s within-country mortality variations reach factors of six—with Yobe region experiencing 9.5 deaths per 1,000 children compared to Bayelsa’s 1.6 deaths per 1,000. Yobe, Bauchi, and Gombe—the three highest mortality states—account for 6% of all diarrhea-related deaths in Africa while encompassing just 1% of the at-risk population.

Economic status determines survival. Research comparing improved versus unimproved water sources found statistically significant associations between contaminated water and diarrhea prevalence even after controlling for refrigerator availability, detergent access, toilet type, and urban versus rural location. The absence of clean water health benefits falls heaviest on the poorest 40% of Nigerians living below the poverty line, creating a cruel reality where poverty causes water insecurity, water insecurity causes disease, disease causes economic catastrophe, and economic catastrophe perpetuates poverty.

Cholera: The Acute Killer Thriving on Contaminated Water

Understanding Cholera’s Devastating Impact

Cholera—an acute diarrheal infection from ingesting food or water contaminated with Vibrio cholerae bacteria—remains Nigeria’s most visible and deadly waterborne illness. Characterized by severe watery diarrhea that can cause dehydration and death within hours if untreated, cholera has plagued Nigeria since the 1970s with notable major outbreaks in 1991, 1999, 2010, 2018, and 2024. The disease’s explosive nature allows single cases to trigger community-wide epidemics within days, overwhelming healthcare systems and creating panic that disrupts entire regions.

The 2024 outbreak exemplifies cholera’s devastating power. By July 21, Nigeria had recorded over 4,809 suspected cases resulting in 156 deaths with a 3.2% case fatality ratio across 192 local government areas in 35 states. The majority affected children under five, followed by the 5-14 age group—precisely the populations least able to withstand severe dehydration and most likely to die without prompt treatment. These figures represent a 220% increase from 2023 levels, demonstrating how quickly cholera can spread when conditions favor transmission.

Historical context reveals both progress and persistent danger. The catastrophic 1991 outbreak reported 59,478 cases and 7,654 deaths with a horrifying 12.9% case fatality ratio. The 2010 outbreak affected 41,787 people with 1,716 deaths across 18 states (4.1% CFR), mainly impacting impoverished communities and children. By 2018, despite 43,996 cases and 836 deaths, the CFR had improved to 2% though cases increased 240% from 2017. The 2024 outbreak shows CFR hovering around 3.2-3.5%—better than past decades but still representing massive preventable illness that proper water infrastructure could eliminate.

Why Cholera Persists in Nigeria

Cholera thrives in conditions Nigeria struggles to overcome. The 2018 declaration of a state of emergency in the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) sector acknowledged the crisis, and the 13-year National Action Plan aimed to revitalize Nigerian WASH infrastructure. However, as of March 2024, only Lagos State had launched a WASH policy to regulate and support Sustainable Development Goal 6’s emphasis on “clean water and sanitation for all.” Without nationwide WASH policies providing clean drinking water, cholera control remains impossible regardless of treatment capacity.

The detection time challenges complicate containment. While regional median detection time improved to 2 days from symptom onset, Nigeria’s median detection stands at 19 days (IQR 9-28)—nearly ten times the regional average. This delay allows cholera to spread widely before public health responses mobilize, turning isolated cases into community catastrophes. Ghana experiences 12-day detection times, Algeria 17 days, and Angola 29 days, while Namibia and Cape Verde quickly contain outbreaks at 6 and 8 days respectively—demonstrating that rapid detection and response prevent cholera deaths.

The seasonal and climate dimensions intensify risks. WHO African Region data shows cholera outbreaks resurge during rainy seasons when flooding contaminates water sources and forces population displacement. The El Niño phenomenon causes both droughts and increased rainfall, creating conditions that exacerbate case numbers. Nigeria’s current classification as being in “acute crisis” alongside Democratic Republic of Congo and Ethiopia signals that without dramatic improvements in water infrastructure and rapid response capacity, cholera will continue killing Nigerians indefinitely.

Diarrhea: The Silent Killer of Children

The Staggering Burden of Diarrheal Disease

Diarrhea represents the second leading cause of child mortality globally and accounts for 16% of all deaths among Nigerian children. The scale proves almost incomprehensible: more than 151,700 Nigerian children under five die annually from diarrhea, making Nigeria the second-largest global contributor to under-five diarrhea mortality. Each death represents a family devastated, a future erased, and potential lost to a condition that oral rehydration therapy and clean water could prevent at minimal cost.

The two-week prevalence rates reveal how constantly diarrhea afflicts Nigerian children. Studies in Kaduna North found 21.1% of infants experienced diarrhea in the two weeks before assessment. Similar research showed prevalence rates of 8.1% among children under five in rural areas, highest among infants 0-11 months and slightly elevated in boys versus girls. These aren’t isolated incidents but chronic conditions where children cycle repeatedly through diarrhea episodes, each one draining nutrition, compromising development, and increasing mortality risk.

The age-specific patterns concentrate suffering on the youngest. Children aged 12-59 months represent the highest absolute case numbers (49.3% in Plateau State studies), while mortality peaks in children under one month with case fatality rates of 0.53%. The vulnerability stems from multiple factors: infants lose maternal antibodies protection after six months, only 17% receive exclusive breastfeeding through this period, complementary feeding introduces contamination risks, crawling children ingest contaminated objects, and malnutrition compromises immune responses essential for fighting infections.

How Diarrhea Kills and Maims

The mechanisms of diarrhea-related death operate through brutal simplicity. Severe watery diarrhea causes rapid fluid loss that leads to dehydration. In young children, dehydration progresses quickly—within hours in severe cases—causing electrolyte imbalances that affect heart function, reduce blood pressure, compromise kidney function, and ultimately cause organs to fail. Without prompt oral rehydration therapy or intravenous fluids, children simply die from fluid loss that clean water could have prevented and that basic treatment can reverse.

The non-fatal impacts prove equally devastating in aggregate. Each diarrhea episode causes nutritional deprivation that negatively affects child growth. Children experiencing frequent episodes become progressively malnourished, creating vulnerability to additional infections in a downward spiral where diarrhea causes malnutrition, malnutrition increases diarrhea susceptibility, and repeated cycles produce children with stunted growth, compromised cognitive development, and reduced lifelong earning potential even if they survive to adulthood.

The seasonal patterns demonstrate environmental influences. Plateau State data reveals bimodal seasonality with peaks in first and third quarters corresponding to dry and rainy seasons. Rainy seasons contaminate water sources through flooding and runoff carrying fecal matter into water supplies. Dry seasons concentrate populations around limited water sources that become progressively contaminated. Climate change intensifies both extremes, suggesting diarrhea burdens will worsen unless infrastructure investments break the water-disease link.

The Preventability Crisis

The tragedy intensifying every child mortality statistic involves preventability. Oral rehydration solution—introduced in 1975 and costing cents per dose—has reduced diarrhea mortality significantly globally. ORS is cheap, acceptable, safe, and usable in any environment without medical training. Zinc supplementation shortens diarrhea duration by approximately half a day in children over six months and shows greater effects in malnourished children. These proven, accessible, inexpensive interventions exist—yet implementation lags.

Studies reveal critical knowledge gaps preventing intervention use. Research shows mothers possess poor knowledge of oral zinc despite good understanding of diarrhea itself. Health workers often don’t emphasize ORS role, benefits, or proper preparation methods, leaving mothers confused about administration even when supplies exist. The result: life-saving interventions sit unused while children die from dehydration that drinking slightly salty sweet water could prevent.

The water source dimension proves equally frustrating. Research demonstrates statistically significant associations between unimproved water sources and diarrhea prevalence even controlling for other factors. Children in households with improved water sources show 16% lower odds of diarrhea episodes. Investment in water infrastructure therefore operates as primary prevention—stopping disease before it begins—rather than merely treating symptoms after exposure. Yet Nigeria’s WASH sector remains dramatically underfunded relative to need.

Typhoid: The Persistent Bacterial Threat

Understanding Typhoid’s Clinical Impact

Typhoid fever—caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria transmitted through contaminated water and food—ranks highest among diseases caused by dirty water in Africa in comprehensive prevalence studies. Unlike cholera’s explosive outbreaks or diarrhea’s visible toll on infants, typhoid operates more insidiously, causing sustained illness characterized by prolonged fever, headache, abdominal pain, and either constipation or diarrhea depending on the disease stage. Without treatment, approximately 10-30% of cases prove fatal, though antibiotic therapy reduces mortality dramatically when patients access care.

Nigerian surveillance data reveals typhoid’s enormous burden. Studies in Yobe State documented 11,938 typhoid infections during research periods, with Nguru recording 4,438 cases (37.18% of total). Gender-based prevalence shows slightly higher male infection rates (52.83%) versus females (47.18%), though differences likely reflect exposure patterns rather than biological susceptibility. National reviews ranking waterborne diseases prevalence consistently place typhoid at the top, exceeding even cholera, hepatitis, and dracunculiasis in absolute case numbers.

The chronic nature distinguishes typhoid from acute conditions like cholera. Where cholera kills within hours or resolves within days, typhoid produces weeks of illness requiring sustained treatment and producing extended productivity losses. Patients experience high fevers reaching 39-40°C, severe headaches making concentration impossible, abdominal pain disrupting nutrition, and general weakness preventing work or school attendance. The extended illness duration multiplies economic impacts beyond the immediate health costs into weeks of lost income and educational interruption.

Transmission Patterns and Risk Factors

Typhoid transmission through contaminated water operates through straightforward pathways that Nigeria’s infrastructure inadequacies perpetuate. The bacteria exist in feces and urine of infected individuals. In communities practicing open defecation (47 million Nigerians), typhoid bacteria enter surface water, contaminate shallow wells, and infect soil around water collection points. Even households attempting hygiene face impossible challenges when clean water doesn’t exist for washing hands, cleaning eating utensils, or food preparation.

The carrier state complicates control efforts. Approximately 1-5% of typhoid patients become chronic carriers—individuals who recover from acute illness but continue shedding bacteria in feces for months or years. These asymptomatic carriers contaminate water sources while appearing healthy, making disease control impossible without comprehensive sanitation preventing any fecal matter from entering water supplies. The famous case of “Typhoid Mary” Mallon, who infected dozens while working as a cook, demonstrates how single carriers can sustain outbreaks indefinitely in communities lacking proper water and sanitation infrastructure.

Food and water represent the primary transmission routes, with contaminated drinking water causing most sporadic cases while contaminated food triggers outbreaks. Street food vendors using contaminated water for food preparation or handwashing create concentrated exposure points. Ice made from contaminated water spreads infection even when the water looks clean. Raw vegetables washed in contaminated water carry bacteria to consumers who believe they’re making healthy choices. The multiple exposure pathways mean that only universal clean water access can effectively control typhoid transmission.

The Treatment Challenge and Antibiotic Resistance

Typhoid treatment relies heavily on antibiotics, creating dual challenges. First, many Nigerian families cannot afford the multi-week antibiotic courses required for cure. Studies reveal even diarrhea treatment knowledge doesn’t translate to action when poverty prevents purchasing medications. Second, antibiotic resistance is emerging in Salmonella typhi globally, with resistance to first-line drugs widespread in Asian strains that could reach Africa. This resistance threatens to return typhoid to pre-antibiotic lethality where 30% of infected patients died.

The economic calculations reveal prevention’s value. A course of antibiotics costs more than annual per-capita water infrastructure investment would require, yet treats only one patient one time while infrastructure protects entire communities indefinitely. The healthcare system costs of diagnosing and treating thousands of typhoid cases annually exceed the expense of providing clean water preventing infection. However, healthcare costs fall on families when sick while infrastructure requires government investment—a misalignment that perpetuates preventable disease.

Parasitic Diseases: The Chronic Burden of Contaminated Water

Schistosomiasis and Water-Contact Transmission

Beyond bacteria and viruses, parasitic infections transmitted through contaminated water contact impose enormous chronic disease burdens. Schistosomiasis—caused by parasitic worms (Schistosoma species)—infects people when they swim, bathe, or wash in water containing contaminated with parasites. Nigeria bears particularly high schistosomiasis burdens given widespread dependence on rivers, streams, and ponds for bathing and domestic water use. Studies among school children in Sokoto found significant infection rates, with prevalence particularly high in communities lacking alternative clean water sources.

The disease mechanism proves insidious. Parasite eggs released in infected humans’ urine or feces hatch in freshwater, releasing larvae that infect specific snail species. The snails then release different larvae that penetrate human skin during water contact. Once inside humans, the parasites mature into adult worms living in blood vessels for years, producing eggs that trigger immune responses causing progressive organ damage. Unlike acute diseases that kill quickly or resolve, schistosomiasis produces chronic illness lasting decades, causing bladder cancer, kidney failure, liver disease, and in children, anemia and malnutrition affecting growth and cognitive development.

The educational impact compounds the health burden. Infected children experience fatigue, abdominal pain, and blood in urine or stool that frightens them and makes school attendance uncomfortable. Even when they attend, the anemia and malnutrition caused by chronic infection impair concentration and learning. Communities with high schistosomiasis prevalence show lower educational attainment that persists across generations, creating human capital losses that constrain economic development indefinitely until water infrastructure eliminates the transmission cycle.

Dracunculiasis and Other Neglected Parasitic Diseases

Dracunculiasis—Guinea worm disease—though nearly eradicated globally, historically plagued Nigerian communities dependent on contaminated water. The parasite requires humans to drink water containing infected copepods (tiny aquatic organisms). The larvae mature inside human bodies over 10-14 months, eventually emerging as meter-long worms through painful skin ulcers typically on legs or feet. The emergence process takes weeks during which victims cannot walk, work, or attend school, with bacterial infections of exit wounds frequently causing additional complications.

Nigeria’s success eliminating dracunculiasis demonstrates what targeted intervention achieves. The Carter Center and partners implemented comprehensive strategies: providing cloth filters removing copepods from drinking water, creating safe water supplies eliminating contaminated sources, educating communities about transmission, and treating water sources to kill copepods. This multi-pronged approach leveraging both behavior change and infrastructure investment brought cases to near-zero—proof that determined effort breaks transmission cycles even for complex parasitic diseases.

Other parasitic water-related diseases persist including amebiasis (caused by Entamoeba histolytica), giardiasis (Giardia lamblia), and various helminth infections transmitted through contaminated water or food. Research in Delta State revealed statistically significant negative relationships between amoebiasis rates and life expectancy, demonstrating that parasitic diseases impose mortality burdens beyond the more visible bacterial and viral infections. The comprehensive parasite burden—multiple species infecting individuals simultaneously—creates cumulative health impacts that simple infection counts underestimate.

The Economic Cost: Calculating the Price of Dirty Water

Direct Healthcare Expenditures

The economic burden of waterborne diseases extends far beyond mortality statistics into healthcare costs that drain family savings and strain Nigeria’s limited health infrastructure. Treatment for severe cholera requires hospitalization with intravenous rehydration, electrolyte monitoring, and sometimes antibiotic therapy—expenses that can cost thousands of naira families living on dollars daily cannot afford. Typhoid treatment requiring weeks of antibiotics, diagnostic blood cultures, and potentially hospitalization for complications similarly imposes catastrophic health expenditures pushing families into poverty.

The multiplicative effect of repeated illness drives families into debt spirals. A child experiencing monthly diarrhea episodes requires repeated clinic visits, medication purchases, and caregiver time lost from income generation. Over years, these accumulated costs consume potential savings for education, housing improvements, or business investment that could lift families economically. Parents forced to choose between treating sick children and buying food face impossible decisions with no good outcomes.

Nigeria’s healthcare system bears enormous costs treating preventable illness that clean water infrastructure could eliminate. The resources spent on cholera outbreak responses, diarrhea treatment centers, typhoid antibiotic courses, and parasitic disease management could instead fund preventive infrastructure. Yet the institutional structure creates perverse incentives: health ministries budget for treatment while water infrastructure falls under different agencies, meaning health systems pay disease costs without controlling prevention investments that would reduce their burdens.

Productivity Losses and Economic Development Constraints

The economic impact extends beyond healthcare into productivity losses affecting both sick individuals and their caregivers. Adults experiencing typhoid lose weeks of work, leaving families without income and employers without workers. Parents caring for children with severe diarrhea cannot work during illness episodes and recovery periods. The World Bank estimates Eastern and Southern Africa loses 5% of annual GDP ($170 billion yearly) to water-related issues—a catastrophic drain on economic potential that perpetuates regional poverty.

The childhood impact operates through multiple mechanisms affecting long-term economic potential. Repeated illness episodes causing malnutrition produce adults with lower physical strength and reduced cognitive capabilities, limiting employment options throughout working lives. School absences from illness create educational deficits that compound across years, resulting in lower literacy, numeracy, and skill attainment. Children who survive waterborne diseases but experience chronic parasitic infections develop more slowly, reach lower adult heights, and show impaired cognitive function—all translating to reduced lifetime earnings.

Research comparing communities with improved versus unimproved water demonstrates economic benefits beyond health. Time saved from reduced illness episodes and eliminated water collection burden translates to income generation. Agricultural productivity increases when farmers aren’t weakened by chronic illness. Children who attend school consistently achieve educationally and earn more as adults. The cumulative economic multiplier of clean water access greatly exceeds the infrastructure investment required, yet short-term budget constraints prevent long-term rational investment.

The Calculation: Investment Versus Burden

The World Health Organization’s estimate that every dollar invested in water and sanitation yields $4.30 in economic returns provides clear guidance: preventing disease through infrastructure costs far less than perpetual treatment and productivity losses. For Nigeria specifically, meeting Sustainable Development Goal 6 requires tripling water sector budgets or allocating 1.7% of GDP. This represents approximately $7-10 billion annually in sustained investment—less than half the $170 billion annual losses from continued water inadequacy.

The opportunity cost calculation proves equally compelling. Resources currently spent treating waterborne diseases could fund the infrastructure preventing them. Healthcare workers currently overwhelmed with diarrhea, cholera, and typhoid cases could address other health priorities. Families currently impoverished by medical expenses and lost productivity could invest in education and business development. The choice isn’t between spending money or not spending—it’s between perpetual crisis spending or one-time infrastructure investment breaking the cycle.

The generational dimension emphasizes urgency. Infrastructure built today serves communities for 20-30+ years, protecting multiple generations from waterborne diseases that would otherwise kill, maim, and economically devastate millions. Every year of delay means another cohort of children dying needlessly, another generation trapped in poverty, another decade of economic potential lost to preventable illness. The moral and economic case for immediate, sustained, comprehensive water infrastructure investment overwhelms any argument for continued neglect.

Frequently Asked Questions About Waterborne Diseases in Nigeria

The Moral Imperative: From Knowledge to Action

The evidence overwhelms. Waterborne diseases kill more than 151,700 Nigerian children annually—children who could grow up healthy, achieve educationally, and contribute to families and nation if they simply had clean water. The 220% increase in cholera cases in 2024, the persistent typhoid epidemics, the chronic parasitic diseases, the 88% of disease burden linked to inadequate water—all testify to a crisis demanding emergency response with resources matching the catastrophe’s scale.

The solutions exist. Infrastructure providing clean water, sanitation facilities ending open defecation, hygiene education teaching disease prevention, and strengthened healthcare delivering treatment when prevention fails—these aren’t mysterious unknowns requiring technological breakthroughs. They’re proven interventions that other countries have implemented successfully. Rwanda lifting 2 million from water scarcity since 2018, Ethiopia reducing diarrhea case fatality rates by over 60% from 2000 to 2015, the near-elimination of dracunculiasis—all demonstrate that political commitment and adequate investment transform outcomes.

The economic case proves overwhelming. Investing 1.7% of GDP in water infrastructure returns multiples in avoided healthcare costs, prevented productivity losses, and enabled economic development. The $170 billion annual losses to water-related issues dwarf the $7-10 billion investment required to solve the problem. The calculation isn’t whether Nigeria can afford clean water infrastructure—it’s whether the nation can afford continued inaction killing 151,700 children yearly and constraining economic potential across generations.

The children in Hammanskraal burying neighbors who died from cholera, the families in Yobe experiencing diarrhea mortality rates six times higher than Bayelsa, the communities across Nigeria drinking water that looks “like oil” and causes increasing waterborne disease—they deserve better. Every child deserves water that won’t kill them. Every family deserves relief from the constant threat of preventable illness. Every community deserves infrastructure enabling health, education, and economic opportunity rather than perpetuating disease, death, and poverty.

The time for action arrived decades ago. Every day of continued delay means more children dead, more families impoverished, more futures destroyed by conditions that clean water would prevent. The moral imperative joins the economic rationality in demanding that Nigeria and the global community treat waterborne diseases as the emergency they represent—mobilizing resources, implementing proven solutions, and refusing to accept that in 2025, children still die from drinking dirty water.

The real cost of dirty water measures in lives lost, childhoods stolen, potential destroyed, and prosperity denied. That cost proves unconscionable when we possess the knowledge, technology, and resources to eliminate it. The question isn’t whether we can provide every Nigerian with clean water—it’s whether we will.

The real cost of dirty water measures in lives lost, childhoods stolen, potential destroyed, and prosperity denied. That cost proves unconscionable when we possess the knowledge, technology, and resources to eliminate it. The question isn’t whether we can provide every Nigerian with clean water—it’s whether we will.

Donate